Help:Displaying a formula
From MSCS Research Experiences for Undergraduates Wiki
MediaWiki uses a subset of TeX markup, including some extensions from LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX, for mathematical formulae. It generates either PNG images or simple HTML markup, depending on user preferences and the complexity of the expression. In the future, as more browsers are smarter, it will be able to generate enhanced HTML or even MathML in many cases. (See blahtex for information about current work on adding MathML support.)
More precisely, MediaWiki filters the markup through Texvc, which in turn passes the commands to TeX for the actual rendering. Thus, only a limited part of the full TeX language is supported; see below for details.
Technicals
Syntax
Math markup goes inside <math> ... </math>. The edit toolbar has a button for this.
Similar to HTML, in TeX extra spaces and newlines are ignored.
The TeX code has to be put literally: MediaWiki templates, predefined templates, and parameters cannot be used within math tags: pairs of double braces are ignored and "#" gives an error message. However, math tags work in the then and else part of #if, etc. See Template:Links-small for more information.
Rendering
Apart from function and operator names, as is customary in mathematics for variables, letters are in italics; digits are not. For other text, (like variable labels) to avoid being rendered in italics like variables, use \text, \mbox, or \mathrm. For example, <math>\text{abc}</math> gives <math>\text{abc}</math>.
Functions, symbols, special characters
Accents/Diacritics | |
|---|---|
\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}
|
<math>\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}\,\!</math> |
\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}
|
<math>\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}\!</math> |
Standard functions | |
\sin a \cos b \tan c
|
<math>\sin a \cos b \tan c\!</math> |
\sec d \csc e \cot f
|
<math>\sec d \csc e \cot f\,\!</math> |
\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j
|
<math>\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j\,\!</math> |
\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!
|
<math>\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n\!</math> |
\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!
|
<math>\operatorname{sh}\,o\,\operatorname{ch}\,p\,\operatorname{th}\,q\!</math> |
\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t
|
<math>\operatorname{arsinh}\,r\,\operatorname{arcosh}\,s\,\operatorname{artanh}\,t\,\!</math> |
\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!
|
<math>\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y\!</math> |
\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!
|
<math>\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g\!</math> |
\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n
|
<math>\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n\!</math> |
Modular arithmetic | |
s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}
|
<math>s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}\,\!</math> |
a\,\bmod\,b
|
<math>a\,\bmod\,b\,\!</math> |
Derivatives | |
\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}
|
<math>\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}</math> |
Sets | |
\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing
|
<math>\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing\,\!</math> |
\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq
|
<math>\in \ni \not \in \notin \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq\,\!</math> |
\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus
|
<math>\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus\,\!</math> |
\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup
|
<math>\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup\,\!</math> |
Operators | |
+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp -
|
<math>+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp - \,\!</math> |
\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot
|
<math>\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot\,\!</math> |
\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}
|
<math>\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}\,\!</math> |
Logic | |
\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p
|
<math>\land \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p\,\!</math> |
\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And
|
<math>\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And\,\!</math> |
Root | |
\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}
|
<math>\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}\,\!</math> |
Relations | |
\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}
|
<math>\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}\,\!</math> |
\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto
|
<math>\le < \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto\,\!</math> |
Geometric | |
\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ
|
45^\circ\,\!</math> |
Arrows | |
\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow
|
<math>\leftarrow \rightarrow \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow \,\!</math> |
\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)
|
<math>\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow \!</math> |
\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow
|
<math>\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow \!</math> |
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons
|
<math>\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons \,\!</math> |
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright
|
<math>\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright \,\!</math> |
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft
|
<math>\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft \,\!</math> |
\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow
|
<math>\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \,\!</math> |
Special | |
\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots
|
<math>\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots\,\!</math> |
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top
|
<math>\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top\,\!</math> |
\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar
|
<math>\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar\,\!</math> |
\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement
|
<math>\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement\,\!</math> |
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp
|
<math>\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp\,\!</math> |
Unsorted (new stuff) | |
\vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown
|
<math> \vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown</math> |
\blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge
|
<math> \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge\!</math> |
\veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes
|
<math> \veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes</math> |
\rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant
|
<math> \rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant</math> |
\eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq
|
<math> \eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq</math> |
\fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft
|
<math> \fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft</math> |
\Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox \eqsim \gtrdot
|
<math> \Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox \eqsim \gtrdot</math> |
\ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq
|
<math> \ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq</math> |
\Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork
|
<math> \Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \shortparallel \between \pitchfork</math> |
\varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq
|
<math> \varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq</math> |
\lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid
|
<math> \lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid</math> |
\nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr
|
<math> \nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr</math> |
\subsetneq
|
<math>\subsetneq</math> |
\ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq
|
<math> \ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq</math> |
\succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq
|
<math> \succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq</math> |
\nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq
|
<math> \nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq</math> |
\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus
|
<math>\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus\,\!</math> |
\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq
|
<math>\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq\,\!</math> |
\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel
|
<math>\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel\,\!</math> |
\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner
|
<math>\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner</math> |
Larger Expressions
Subscripts, superscripts, integrals
| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HTML | PNG | ||
| Superscript | a^2 |
<math>a^2</math> | <math>a^2 \,\!</math> |
| Subscript | a_2 |
<math>a_2</math> | <math>a_2 \,\!</math> |
| Grouping | a^{2+2} |
<math>a^{2+2}</math> | <math>a^{2+2}\,\!</math> |
a_{i,j} |
<math>a_{i,j}</math> | <math>a_{i,j}\,\!</math> | |
| Combining sub & super without and with horizontal separation | x_2^3 |
<math>x_2^3</math> | <math>x_2^3 \,\!</math> |
{x_2}^3 |
<math>{x_2}^3</math> | <math>{x_2}^3 \,\!</math> | |
| Super super | 10^{10^{ \,\!{8} } |
<math>10^{10^{ \,\! 8 } }</math> | |
| Super super | 10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }} |
<math>10^{10^{ \overset{8}{} }}</math> | |
| Super super (wrong in HTML in some browsers) | 10^{10^8} |
<math>10^{10^8}</math> | |
| Preceding and/or Additional sub & super | \sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b |
<math>\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b</math> | |
{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4 |
<math>{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4</math> | ||
| Stacking | \overset{\alpha}{\omega} |
<math>\overset{\alpha}{\omega}</math> | |
\underset{\alpha}{\omega} |
<math>\underset{\alpha}{\omega}</math> | ||
\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}} |
<math>\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}</math> | ||
\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega} |
<math>\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}</math> | ||
| Derivative (forced PNG) | x', y'', f', f''\! |
<math>x', y, f', f\!</math> | |
| Derivative (f in italics may overlap primes in HTML) | x', y'', f', f'' |
<math>x', y, f', f</math> | <math>x', y, f', f\!</math> |
| Derivative (wrong in HTML) | x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime} |
<math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}</math> | <math>x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}\,\!</math> |
| Derivative (wrong in PNG) | x\prime, y\prime\prime |
<math>x\prime, y\prime\prime</math> | <math>x\prime, y\prime\prime\,\!</math> |
| Derivative dots | \dot{x}, \ddot{x} |
<math>\dot{x}, \ddot{x}</math> | |
| Underlines, overlines, vectors | \hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c |
<math>\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c</math> | |
\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f} |
<math>\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}</math> | ||
\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l} |
<math>\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}</math> | ||
| Arrows | A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C |
<math> A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C</math> | |
| Overbraces | \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050} |
<math>\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{5050}</math> | |
| Underbraces | \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26} |
<math>\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26}</math> | |
| Sum | \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 |
<math>\sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math> | |
Sum (force \textstyle) |
\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 |
<math>\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2</math> | |
| Product | \prod_{i=1}^N x_i |
<math>\prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math> | |
Product (force \textstyle) |
\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i |
<math>\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i</math> | |
| Coproduct | \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i |
<math>\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math> | |
Coproduct (force \textstyle) |
\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i |
<math>\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i</math> | |
| Limit | \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n |
<math>\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math> | |
Limit (force \textstyle) |
\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n |
<math>\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n</math> | |
| Integral | \int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx |
<math>\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math> | |
| Integral (alternate limits style) | \int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx |
<math>\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx</math> | |
Integral (force \textstyle) |
\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx |
<math>\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> | |
Integral (force \textstyle, alternate limits style) |
\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx |
<math>\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> | |
| Double integral | \iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy |
<math>\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy</math> | |
| Triple integral | \iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz |
<math>\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz</math> | |
| Quadruple integral | \iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt |
<math>\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt</math> | |
| Line or path integral | \int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy |
<math>\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math> | |
| Closed line or path integral | \oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy |
<math>\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy</math> | |
| Intersections | \bigcap_1^n p |
<math>\bigcap_1^n p</math> | |
| Unions | \bigcup_1^k p |
<math>\bigcup_1^k p</math> | |
Fractions, matrices, multilines
| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|---|
| Fractions | \frac{2}{4}=0.5 |
<math>\frac{2}{4}=0.5</math> |
| Small Fractions | \tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 |
<math>\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5</math> |
| Large (normal) Fractions | \dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a |
<math>\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a</math> |
| Large (nested) Fractions | \cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a |
<math>\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a</math> |
| Binomial coefficients | \binom{n}{k} |
<math>\binom{n}{k}</math> |
| Small Binomial coefficients | \tbinom{n}{k} |
<math>\tbinom{n}{k}</math> |
| Large (normal) Binomial coefficients | \dbinom{n}{k} |
<math>\dbinom{n}{k}</math> |
| Matrices | \begin{matrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{matrix} |
<math>\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}</math> |
\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{vmatrix} |
<math>\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}</math> | |
\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix} |
<math>\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}</math> | |
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix} |
<math>\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots
& \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0\end{bmatrix} </math> |
|
\begin{Bmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Bmatrix} |
<math>\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}</math> | |
\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{pmatrix} |
<math>\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}</math> | |
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix}
a&b\\ c&d
\end{smallmatrix} \bigr)
|
<math>
\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr) </math> |
|
| Case distinctions |
f(n) =
\begin{cases}
n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd}
\end{cases} |
<math>f(n) =
\begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd}
\end{cases} </math> |
| Multiline equations |
\begin{align}
f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align}
|
<math>
\begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\
& = a^2+2ab+b^2 \\
\end{align} </math> |
\begin{alignat}{2}
f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat}
|
<math>
\begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\
& = a^2-2ab+b^2 \\
\end{alignat} </math> |
|
| Multiline equations (must define number of colums used ({lcr}) (should not be used unless needed) |
\begin{array}{lcl}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array} |
<math>\begin{array}{lcl}
z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z\end{array}</math> |
| Multiline equations (more) |
\begin{array}{lcr}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array} |
<math>\begin{array}{lcr}
z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z\end{array}</math> |
| Breaking up a long expression so that it wraps when necessary. |
<math>f(x) \,\!</math>
<math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math>
<math>= a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math> |
<math>f(x) \,\!</math> <math>= \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n </math> <math>= a_0 +a_1x+a_2x^2+\cdots</math> |
| Simultaneous equations | \begin{cases}
3x + 5y + z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z
\end{cases} |
<math>\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}</math> |
| Arrays |
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
|
<math>
\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0\\ \end{array} </math> |
Parenthesizing big expressions, brackets, bars
| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|---|
| Bad | ( \frac{1}{2} )
|
<math>( \frac{1}{2} )</math> |
| Good | \left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )
|
<math>\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )</math> |
You can use various delimiters with \left and \right:
| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|---|
| Parentheses | \left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )
|
<math>\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )</math> |
| Brackets | \left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack
|
<math>\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack</math> |
| Braces | \left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace
|
<math>\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace</math> |
| Angle brackets | \left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle
|
<math>\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle</math> |
| Bars and double bars | \left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|
|
\frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|</math> |
| Floor and ceiling functions: | \left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil
|
<math>\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil</math> |
| Slashes and backslashes | \left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash
|
<math>\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash</math> |
| Up, down and up-down arrows | \left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow
|
<math>\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow</math> |
| Delimiters can be mixed, as long as \left and \right match |
\left [ 0,1 \right )</code> <br/> <code>\left \langle \psi \right |
|
</math> |
| Use \left. and \right. if you don't want a delimiter to appear: |
\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X
|
<math>\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X</math> |
| Size of the delimiters | \big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]/<code>
|
<math>\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]</math> |
| <code>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle | <math>\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle</math> | |
\big\| \Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|
|
\Big\| \bigg\| \Bigg\| \dots \Bigg| \bigg| \Big| \big|</math> | |
\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil
|
<math>\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil</math> | |
\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow
|
<math>\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow</math> | |
\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow
|
<math>\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow</math> | |
\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash
|
<math>\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash</math> |
Alphabets and typefaces
Texvc cannot render arbitrary Unicode characters. Those it can handle can be entered by the expressions below. For others, such as Cyrillic, they can be entered as Unicode or HTML entities in running text, but cannot be used in displayed formulas.
| Greek alphabet | |
|---|---|
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta
|
<math>\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta \,\!</math> |
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu
|
<math>\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu \,\!</math> |
\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau
|
<math>\Nu \Xi \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau\,\!</math> |
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega
|
<math>\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega \,\!</math> |
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta
|
<math>\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \,\!</math> |
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu
|
<math>\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \,\!</math> |
\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau
|
<math>\nu \xi \pi \rho \sigma \tau \,\!</math> |
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega
|
<math>\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega \,\!</math> |
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa
|
<math>\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa \,\!</math> |
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi
|
<math>\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi\,\!</math> |
| Blackboard Bold/Scripts | |
\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}
|
<math>\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G} \,\!</math> |
\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}
|
<math>\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M} \,\!</math> |
\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}
|
<math>\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T} \,\!</math> |
\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}
|
<math>\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}\,\!</math> |
| boldface (vectors) | |
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}
|
<math>\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G} \,\!</math> |
\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}
|
<math>\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M} \,\!</math> |
\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}
|
<math>\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T} \,\!</math> |
\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}
|
<math>\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z} \,\!</math> |
\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}
|
<math>\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g} \,\!</math> |
\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}
|
<math>\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m} \,\!</math> |
\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}
|
<math>\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t} \,\!</math> |
\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}
|
<math>\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z} \,\!</math> |
\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}
|
<math>\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4} \,\!</math> |
\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}
|
<math>\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}\,\!</math> |
| Boldface (greek) | |
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}
|
<math>\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta} \,\!</math> |
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}
|
<math>\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}\,\!</math> |
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}
|
<math>\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}\,\!</math> |
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}
|
<math>\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}\,\!</math> |
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}
|
<math>\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}\,\!</math> |
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}
|
<math>\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}\,\!</math> |
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}
|
<math>\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}\,\!</math> |
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}
|
<math>\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}\,\!</math> |
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}
|
<math>\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa} \,\!</math> |
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}
|
<math>\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}\,\!</math> |
| Italics | |
\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}
|
<math>\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G} \,\!</math> |
\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}
|
<math>\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M} \,\!</math> |
\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}
|
<math>\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T} \,\!</math> |
\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}
|
<math>\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z} \,\!</math> |
\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}
|
<math>\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g} \,\!</math> |
\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}
|
<math>\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m} \,\!</math> |
\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}
|
<math>\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t} \,\!</math> |
\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}
|
<math>\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z} \,\!</math> |
\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}
|
<math>\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4} \,\!</math> |
\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}
|
<math>\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}\,\!</math> |
| Roman typeface | |
\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}
|
<math>\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G} \,\!</math> |
\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}
|
<math>\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M} \,\!</math> |
\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}
|
<math>\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T} \,\!</math> |
\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}
|
<math>\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z} \,\!</math> |
\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}
|
<math>\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}\,\!</math> |
\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}
|
<math>\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m} \,\!</math> |
\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}
|
<math>\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t} \,\!</math> |
\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}
|
<math>\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z} \,\!</math> |
\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}
|
<math>\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4} \,\!</math> |
\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}
|
<math>\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}\,\!</math> |
| Fraktur typeface | |
\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}
|
<math>\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G} \,\!</math> |
\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}
|
<math>\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M} \,\!</math> |
\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}
|
<math>\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T} \,\!</math> |
\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}
|
<math>\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z} \,\!</math> |
\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}
|
<math>\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g} \,\!</math> |
\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}
|
<math>\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m} \,\!</math> |
\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}
|
<math>\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t} \,\!</math> |
\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}
|
<math>\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z} \,\!</math> |
\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}
|
<math>\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4} \,\!</math> |
\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}
|
<math>\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}\,\!</math> |
| Calligraphy/Script | |
\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}
|
<math>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G} \,\!</math> |
\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}
|
<math>\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M} \,\!</math> |
\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}
|
<math>\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T} \,\!</math> |
\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}
|
<math>\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}\,\!</math> |
| Hebrew | |
\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth
|
<math>\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth\,\!</math> |
| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered | |
|---|---|---|---|
| non-italicised characters | \mbox{abc} | <math>\mbox{abc}</math> | <math>\mbox{abc} \,\!</math> |
| mixed italics (bad) | \mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} | <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}</math> | <math>\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even} \,\!</math> |
| mixed italics (good) | \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} | <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}</math> | <math>\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \,\!</math> |
| mixed italics (more legible: ~ is a non-breaking space, while "\ " forces a space) | \mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} | <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}</math> | <math>\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even} \,\!</math> |
Color
Equations can use color:
{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}- <math>{\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}</math>
x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}- <math>x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
See here for all named colorskpss supported by LaTeX.
Note that color should not be used as the only way to identify something, because it will become meaningless on black-and-white media or for color-blind people. See en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style#Color coding.
Formatting issues
Spacing
Note that TeX handles most spacing automatically, but you may sometimes want manual control.
| Feature | Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|---|
| double quad space | a \qquad b | <math>a \qquad b</math> |
| quad space | a \quad b | <math>a \quad b</math> |
| text space | a\ b | <math>a\ b</math> |
| text space without PNG conversion | a \mbox{ } b | <math>a \mbox{ } b</math> |
| large space | a\;b | <math>a\;b</math> |
| medium space | a\>b | [not supported] |
| small space | a\,b | <math>a\,b</math> |
| no space | ab | <math>ab\,</math> |
| small negative space | a\!b | <math>a\!b</math> |
Alignment with normal text flow
Due to the default css
img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }
an inline expression like <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> should look good.
If you need to align it otherwise, use <math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math> and play with the vertical-align argument until you get it right; however, how it looks may depend on the browser and the browser settings.
Also note that if you rely on this workaround, if/when the rendering on the server gets fixed in future releases, as a result of this extra manual offset your formulae will suddenly be aligned incorrectly. So use it sparingly, if at all.
Forced PNG rendering
To force the formula to render as PNG, add \, (small space) at the end of the formula (where it is not rendered). This will force PNG if the user is in "HTML if simple" mode, but not for "HTML if possible" mode (math rendering settings in preferences).
You can also use \,\! (small space and negative space, which cancel out) anywhere inside the math tags. This does force PNG even in "HTML if possible" mode, unlike \,.
This could be useful to keep the rendering of formulae in a proof consistent, for example, or to fix formulae that render incorrectly in HTML (at one time, a^{2+2} rendered with an extra underscore), or to demonstrate how something is rendered when it would normally show up as HTML (as in the examples above).
For instance:
| Syntax | How it looks rendered |
|---|---|
| a^{c+2} | <math>a^{c+2}</math> |
| a^{c+2} \, | <math>a^{c+2} \,</math> |
| a^{\,\!c+2} | <math>a^{\,\!c+2}</math> |
| a^{b^{c+2}} | <math>a^{b^{c+2}}</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!) |
| a^{b^{c+2}} \, | <math>a^{b^{c+2}} \,</math> (WRONG with option "HTML if possible or else PNG"!) |
| a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5 | <math>a^{b^{c+2}}\approx 5</math> (due to "<math>\approx</math>" correctly displayed, no code "\,\!" needed) |
| a^{b^{\,\!c+2}} | <math>a^{b^{\,\!c+2}}</math> |
| \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx | <math>\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx</math> |
This has been tested with most of the formulae on this page, and seems to work perfectly.
You might want to include a comment in the HTML so people don't "correct" the formula by removing it:
- <!-- The \,\! is to keep the formula rendered as PNG instead of HTML. Please don't remove it.-->
Commutative diagrams
To make a commutative diagram, there are three steps:
- Write the diagram in TeX
- Convert to SVG
- Upload the file to Wikimedia Commons
Diagrams in TeX
Xy-pic (online manual) is the most powerful and general-purpose diagram package in TeX.
Simpler packages include:
The following is a template for Xy-pic, together with a hack to increase the margins in dvips, so that the diagram is not truncated by over-eager cropping (suggested in TUGboat:kpss TUGboat, Volume 17 1996, No. 3):
\documentclass{amsart}
\usepackage[all, ps, dvips]{xy} % Loading the XY-Pic package
% Using postscript driver for smoother curves
\usepackage{color} % For invisible frame
\begin{document}
\thispagestyle{empty} % No page numbers
\SelectTips{eu}{} % Euler arrowheads (tips)
\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt} % Frame box margin
{\color{white}\framebox{{\color{black}$$ % Frame for margin
\xymatrix{ % The diagram is a 3x3 matrix
%%% Diagram goes here %%%
}
$$}}} % end math, end frame
\end{document}
Convert to SVG
Once you have produced your diagram in LaTeX (or TeX), you can convert it to an SVG file using the following sequence of commands:
pdflatex file.tex pdfcrop --clip file.pdf tmp.pdf pdf2svg tmp.pdf file.svg (rm tmp.pdf at the end)
If you do not have pdflatex (which is unlikely) you can also use the commands
latex file.tex dvipdfm file.dvi
to get a PDF version of your diagram. The pdfcrop and pdf2svg utilities are needed for this procedure.
An alternative, which goes via PS rather than PDF, is:
latex comm.tex dvips -E -y 2500 -o comm.eps comm.dvi eps2eps -dNOCACHE comm.eps comm2.eps pstoedit -f sk comm2.eps comm.sk inkscape -z -f comm.sk -l comm.svg
These produce a DVI file, convert it to EPS (rescaling by 2.5x), convert fonts to outlines, and convert to SVG via Sketch. One advantage is that rescaling makes smaller or more complex diagrams more legible, as xy-pic normally sizes for printed matter.
Programs
In general, you will not be able to get anywhere with diagrams without TeX and Ghostscript, and the inkscape program is a useful tool for creating or modifying your diagrams by hand. There is also a utility pstoedit which supports direct conversion from Postscript files to many vector graphics formats, but it requires a non-free plugin to convert to SVG, and regardless of the format, this editor has not been successful in using it to convert diagrams with diagonal arrows from TeX-created files.
These programs are:
- a working TeX distribution, such as TeX Live
- Ghostscript
- pstoedit
- Inkscape
Upload the file
Template:Seealso Template:Seealso
As the diagram is your own work, upload it to Wikimedia Commons, so that all projects (notably, all languages) can use it without having to copy it to their language's Wiki. (If you've previously uploaded a file to somewhere other than Commons, transwiki it to Commons.)
- Check size
- Before uploading, check that the default size of the image is neither too large nor too small by opening in an SVG application and viewing at default size (100% scaling), otherwise adjust the -y option to dvips.
- Name
- Make sure the file has a meaningful name.
- Upload
- Login to Wikimedia Commons, then upload the file; for the Summary, give a brief description.
Now go to the image page and add a description, including the source code, using this template (using {{Information}}):
{{Information
|Description =
{{en| Description [[:en:Link to WP page|topic]]
}}
|Source = Own work, created as per:
[[:en:meta:Help:Displaying a formula#Commutative diagrams]]; source code below.
|Date = The Creation Date, like 1999-12-31
|Author = [[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]
|Permission = Public domain; (or other license) see below.
}}
== LaTeX source ==
<source lang="latex">
% LaTeX source here
</source>
== [[Commons:Copyright tags|Licensing]]: ==
{{self|PD-self (or other license)|author=[[User:YourUserName|Your Real Name]]}}
[[Category:Descriptive categories, such as "Group theory"]]
[[Category:Commutative diagrams]]
- Source code
- Include the source code in the image page, in a LaTeX source section, so that the diagram can be edited in future.
- Include the complete .tex file, not just the fragment, so future editors do not need to reconstruct a compilable file.
- License
- The most common license for commutative diagrams is PD-self; some use PD-ineligible, especially for simple diagrams, or other licenses. Please do not use the GFDL, as it requires the entire text of the GFDL to be attached to any document that uses the diagram.
- Description
- If possible, link to a Wikipedia page relevant to the diagram.
- Category
- Include [[Category:Commutative diagrams]], so that it appears in commons:Category:Commutative diagrams. There are also subcategories, which you may choose to use.
- Include image
- Now include the image on the original page via [[Image:Diagram.svg]]
Examples
A sample conforming diagram is commons:Image:PSU-PU.svg.
Examples
Quadratic Polynomial
<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math> <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>
Quadratic Polynomial (Force PNG Rendering)
α<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math> <math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,\!</math>
β→τ
Quadratic Formula
<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>
Tall Parentheses and Fractions
<math>2 = \left( \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x} \right)</math>
<math>2 = \left(
\frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
\right)</math>
<math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
<math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
Integrals
<math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math> <math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>
Summation
<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>
<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
{3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>
Differential Equation
<math>u + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math> <math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>
Complex numbers
<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|, |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n, \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>
<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
|(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
\arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>
Limits
<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>
<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>
Integral Equation
<math>\phi_n(\kappa)
= \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R} \frac{\partial}{\partial R} \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>
<math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
\frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
\frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
\frac{\partial}{\partial R}
\left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>
Example
<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>
<math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
\frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>
Continuation and cases
<math>f(x) = \begin{cases}1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
\frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\ 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}\end{cases}</math>
<math>
f(x) =
\begin{cases}
1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
\frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
\end{cases}
</math>
Prefixed subscript
<math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}</math>
<math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z)
= \sum_{n=0}^\infty
\frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}
\frac{z^n}{n!}</math>
Fraction and small fraction
<math> \frac {a}{b}</math> <math> \tfrac {a}{b} </math>
<math> \frac {a}{b}\ \tfrac {a}{b} </math>
Bug reports
Discussions, bug reports and feature requests should go to the Wikitech-l mailing list. These can also be filed on Mediazilla under MediaWiki extensions.
See also
- Typesetting of mathematical formulas
- Proposed m:Music markup
- Table of mathematical symbols
- mw:Extension:Blahtex, or blahtex: a LaTeX to MathML converter for Wikipedia
- General help for editing a Wiki page
- Mimetex alternative for another way to display mathematics using Mimetex.cgi
External links
- A LaTeX tutorial.
- A paper introducing TeX—see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.
- A paper introducing LaTeX—skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.
- The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List.
- AMS-LaTeX guide.
- A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps.
- MathML: A product of the W3C Math working group, is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.
